Tag Archives: pharmacogenomics

PHARMACOGENOMICS and Vaccines (2009)

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Vaccine Application_of_pharmacogenomics_to_vaccines

This paper discusses the hypothesis of the ‘immune response gene network’ and genetic (and bioinformatic) strategies to study associations between immune responsegene polymorphisms and variations in humoral and cellular immune responses to prophylactic viralvaccines, such as measles–mumps–rubella, influenza, HIV, hepatitis B and smallpox.Immunogenetic studies reveal promising new vaccine targets by providing a better understanding of the mechanisms by which gene polymorphisms may influence innate and adaptive immune responses to vaccines, including vaccine failure and vaccine-associated adverse events.

The goal of pharmacogenomics and vaccinomics is to identify genetic variants that predict adverse responses to vaccines, predict aberrant immune responses, contribute to personalized therapy and that predict susceptibility to diseases and response to vaccines.

VLA Comment.

It is hard to believe that the establishment has known this relationship between polymorphism (the presence of genetic variation within a population) that will cause an adverse reaction from vaccines since 2009.  And we just keep destroying all the emerging generations of mankind (and animals)  What is not expressed in this paper is that ALL neonates and children not have the mature systems that address this assault.

Pharmacogenomics — the key to developing personalised medicines 2013

Vaccines

Vaccines are a class of medicines that are being viewed under the pharmacogenomic microscope. Variations in genes involved in virus binding and cell entry, antigen recognition, processing and presentation, immune effector cell function and immunoregulation are all crucial in an individual’s ability to propagate a co-ordinated attack against an invading pathogen. Associations in response with genotype or phenotype have been recognised with vaccines against measles, mumps and rubella, influenza, HIV, Hepatitis B and smallpox.4

Pediatric Study: Pharmacogenomics – Adverse Reaction in Children

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Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Genotypes
and Aggressive Behavior Treatment Response
in Hospitalized Pediatric Psychiatric Patients

TracyGlauser Pharma study

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the association between the CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypepredicted combined phenotypes and short-term measures of psychotropic efficacy and toxicity.
Methods: A rater-blinded, retrospective genotype association design examined a cohort of hospitalized pediatric psychiatric patients genotyped for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 as part of clinical care. These combined genotypes were used to predict a combined phenotype. The primary efficacy outcome measure was the behavior intervention score (BIS), a function of the number of recorded timeouts=seclusions, therapeutic holds, and physical restraints.

Patient response to commonly used psychotropic medications demonstrates significant variability; only 30–75% of patients experience efficacy, whereas 65–75% encounter ad-
verse events (Kirchheiner et al. 2004; Emslie et al. 2006; Kratochvil et al. 2006; Hetrick et al. 2007). Many psychotropic medications are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) en-
zymes coded for by the polymorphic genes CYP2D6(þ124030) and CYP2C19 (*124020).
The relationships between the distinct CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 genotypes and the pharmacokinetics of psychotropic medications are the basis for genotype-based dosing recommendations for some medications (Kirchheiner et al. 2001).Despite the prevalence of the problem, the contribution of drug-metabolizing enzyme genotypes to the variability in aggressive behavior treatment response in hospitalized pediatric psychiatric patients is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype-predicted metabolizing phenotypes and short-term measures of drug efficacy (incidence of behavioral interventions for aggressive behavior) and toxicity (adverse drug reaction)

Drug tolerability was defined as the total number of recorded adverse drug reactions.

 

Conclusion
Identifying factors underlying the variability in drug efficacy
or tolerability is a key component for optimizing the patient’s
response to therapy. This is the first study to demonstrate that,
for children hospitalized for psychiatric conditions,
CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genetic variation contributes to psychotropic…
Consideration of a patient’s genotype at the onset of a psychiatric hospitalization could play a significant role in personalizing and improving subsequent therapy.
Prospective longitudinal studies are necessary to better inform
how to optimally incorporate this genetic information into the
medical management of patients with aggression. In summary,
this study indicates that CYP2D6 and CYP2C19genotypes are
 important in the clinical care of children with psychiatric diagnoses requiring medications that are metabolized throughthese two enzyme pathways.

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